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| 1634 |
| | | Francesco Borromini begins work on his intricate baroque masterpiece, the Monastery of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1634-43), in Rome | |
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| 1637 |
| | | The first public opera house, the Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice | |
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| 1638 |
| | | Galileo's Discorsi, published in Leiden, lays the groundwork for mathematical physics | |
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| 1643 |
| | | Evangelista Torricelli, observing variations in a column of mercury, discovers the principle of the barometer | |
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| 1661 |
| | | Italian doctor Marcello Malpighi discovers the capillaries, thus completing the evidence for the circulation of the blood | |
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| 1667 |
| | | Bernini's great curving colonnade is completed, to form the piazza in front of St Peter's | |
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| 1679 |
| | | 19-year-old Alessandro Scarlatti has a great success in Rome with Gli Equivoci nel Sembiante, the first of his 115 operas | |
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| c. 1695 |
| | | The first teacher of the virtuoso harpsichordist Domenico Scarlatti is his father, Alessandro | |
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| 1697 |
| | | In his opera La Caduta de' Decemviri, Alessandro Scarlatti introduces a new form of prelude, later known as the Italian overture, which is an important stage in the development of the symphony | |
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| 1698 |
| | | A maker of harpsichords in Florence, Bartolomeo Cristofori, develops the piano ('soft') and forte ('loud') feature which leads to the piano | |
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